Pedagogy of Science | Teaching of Science

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Unit I: Nature, Aims and Objectives of Teaching Science

♦ Definition of Science
♦ Nature of Science
♦ Scope of Science
♦ Characteristics of Science
♦ Interdisciplinary Approach
♦ Aims and Objectives of Teaching Science
♦ Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
♦ Classification of Educational Objectives
♦ Bloom’s Taxonomy
♦ Categories in Cognitive Domain, Affective Domain, and Psycho-motor Domain
♦ Writing objectives in behavioural terms
♦ Objectives of Science Education at Various Levels
♦ Aims of Teaching Science at different levels:
– Primary
– Secondary
– Higher Secondary

Unit II: Unit Planning and Lesson Planning

♦ Instructional Objectives
♦ General Instructional Objectives (G.I.Os)
♦ Criteria for writing General Instructional Objectives
♦ Specific Instructional Objectives (S.I.Os) or Specifications
♦ Functions of S.I.Os
♦ Criteria for writing Specific Instructional Objectives
♦ Unit Plan: Steps in developing a unit plan
♦ Unit Plan Writing
♦ Format of a Unit Plan
♦ Lesson Plan
♦ Criteria of a Good Lesson Plan
♦ Herbartian Steps
♦ Steps in a Lesson Plan
♦ Lesson Plan Writing
♦ Format of a Lesson Plan
♦ Model Lesson Plan

Unit III: Micro Teaching

♦ Micro Teaching – Meaning and Definition
♦ Characteristics of Micro Teaching
♦ Features of Indian Model of Micro Teaching
♦ Micro Teaching Cycle
♦ Steps in Micro Teaching Cycle
♦ Practice of Relevant Skills:
– Reinforcement
– Stimulus Variation
– Explaining
– Probing Questioning
– Demonstration
– Skill of Using Blackboard
♦ Need for Link Lesson in Micro Teaching

Unit IV: Methods of Teaching

♦ General Methods of Teaching Science
♦ Teacher-Centred Methods:
– Lecture Method
– Lecture-cum-Demonstration Method
♦ Pupil-Centred Methods:
– Laboratory Method
– Assignment Method
– Discussion Method
– Heuristic Method
– Project Method
– Problem-Solving Method
– Scientific Method
– Panel Discussion
– Seminar
– Symposium
– Workshop
– Team Teaching
– Personalized System of Instruction
– Computer-Assisted Instruction
– Modular Approach
– Active Learning Method
– Activity-Based Learning
♦ Merits and Limitations

Unit V: Science Curriculum

♦ Science Curriculum – Modern Concept
♦ Defects in Present Curriculum Construction
♦ Principles of Curriculum Construction
♦ Factors Affecting Curriculum Organization
♦ Principles in Selecting and Organizing Science Content
♦ Organization of Content
♦ Criteria for Organization
♦ Development of Syllabus Related to Major Science Concepts
♦ Types of Content Organization
♦ Approaches to Curriculum Organization
♦ Critical Study of Tamil Nadu Secondary Science Curriculum

Unit VI: Science Teacher and Science Laboratory

♦ Science Teacher:
– Academic Qualifications
– Professional Qualifications
♦ Need for In-Service Education
♦ Membership of Professional Organizations
♦ Publications in Science Education Journals
♦ Some Suggestions to Science Teachers
♦ Science Laboratory:
– Location and Types
– Planning and Setup
– Purchase of Apparatus and Equipment
– Procedures for Stock Registers and Imprest Accounts
– Organization of Practical Work
– Guidelines for Organizing Practical Work
– Laboratory Records of Students
♦ Laboratory Manual, Instruction Cards
♦ Laboratory Techniques:
– Wet Preservation
– Herbarium
– Leaf Skeleton
– Preservation of Insects
– Terrarium
– Aquarium
– Green House
♦ Safety Precautions
– General Safety Rules
– Common Laboratory Mishaps and Remedies

Unit VII: Technology and Science Teaching

♦ Audio-Visual Aids:
– Definition and Purpose
– Psychology of Using Aids
– Principles of Use
– Types: Audio, Visual, Audio-Visual
♦ Classification of Aids:
– Hardware and Software Aids
– Core of Experience
– Charts, Models, OHP, Radio, TV, Computer Aided Instruction
♦ Educational Television
♦ Limitations and Importance of Aids
♦ ICT in Science Teaching:
– PowerPoint, LCD, Digital Board, Audio/Video Editing
– Internet in Science Education
– Online Tools
– Dimensions of ICT
– Role of ICT in Science Education
♦ Evaluation in Science
– Purpose, Scope, Techniques
– Subjective and Objective Tests
– Blue Print Preparation

Mode of Transaction

♦ Lecture
♦ Discussion
♦ Demonstration
♦ Field Trip
♦ Presentation by Students

Practicum

♦ Preparation of lesson/unit plans using different methods of teaching
♦ Preparation of materials and programs to inculcate scientific attitude
♦ Script writing for Radio/TV/Video on science topics
♦ Demonstration of science experiments
♦ Analysis of textbooks
♦ Survey of science laboratory in a school
♦ Evolving suitable technique(s) to evaluate laboratory work
♦ Visit to Community Science Centre, Nature Park, and Science City

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